Biological Synthesis Of Nanoparticles Research Articles

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using five varieties of Cordyline fruticosa sp. leaves and reviewing their antimicrobial, antioxidant and photocatalytic properties

The biological synthesis of nanoparticles using plants or microorganisms has gained attention in the recent past, mainly due to its eco-friendly nature and because they can be used in a vast variety of fields such as medicine, agriculture and textiles. The current study focuses on the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using five varieties of Cordyline fruticosa (candy cane, waihee rainbow, exotica, pink cascade and pink diamond) leaves, and assessing their antioxidant, photocatalytic and antimicrobial activities. SEM analysis of pink cascade-AgNPs shows they are spherical and in the range of 40-50nm. Band gap energy calculations reveal that synthesized AgNPs can act as semiconductors.  Total flavonoid content, total phenolic content and total antioxidant capacity were analyzed and the DPPH-free radical scavenging assay was performed. These showed that AgNPs had higher antioxidant activity compared to aqueous extracts. The antibacterial activity of AgNPs and aqueous extracts was assessed using cultures of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Extracts and AgNPs showed better bactericidal effect on S.aureus. Photocatalytic activity of synthesized AgNPs was assessed using malachite green as a model dye and significant degradation of the dye was observed when AgNPs were added together with catalyst NaBH4. According to the results obtained from this study, it can be seen that AgNPs synthesized using Cordyline fruticosa have potential in different aspects including treatment of free-radical mediated diseases, overcoming antibiotic resistance, treatment of bacterial diseases and overcoming environmental pollution.

The Influence of Biologically Synthesized Copper Nanoparticles on the Biofilm Produced by Staphylococcus haemolyticus 1solated from Seminal Fluid

     Staphylococcus haemolyticus is one of the most frequently isolated coagulase-negative staphylococci. The ability to form biofilm is considered as one of the most important virulence factors of coagulase negative staphylococci. There is only limited knowledge of the nature of S. haemolyticus biofilms. This study was aimed at evaluating the ability of S. haemolyticus strains to produce biofilm in the presence of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs). The biological synthesis of nanoparticles is an environmentally friendly approach for large-scale production of nanoparticles. Copper oxide nanoparticles were produced in the current study from the S. haemolyticus viable cell filtrate. UV-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscope (AFM), field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and zeta potential (ZP) analysis were used to analyze the newly synthesized CuONPs. Our findings revealed that at minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), CuONPs showed remarkable inhibition on the biofilms produced by multidrug resistant (MDR) S. haemolyticus isolates.

Structural characterization and evaluation of mycogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles from the cell-free culture-extract of <i>Aspergillus niger</i>

Advances in the biological synthesis of nanoparticles have attracted decisive research attention in recent years. This is due to their eco- friendliness, nontoxicity and large spectra of applications. In this work, the structural characteristics and the purity of biogenic zinc oxide  (ZnO) nanoparticles were assessed. Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles were synthesized extracellularly using the culture filtrate of  Aspergillus niger, in the presence of zinc acetate dihydrate, as a precursor. The structural characteristics and purity of the nanoparticles  were examined using standard characterization methods viz UV-visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transmission infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Results revealed a peak at  311nm and whitish and spherical particles with particulate sizes between 30 and 40 nm for the UV- -1 visible spectroscopy and SEM  respectively. On the FT-IR scale, absorption peaked at 548 cm in the spectra region known for the functional groups of ZnO nanoparticles;  while the average crystalline size was 21 nm based on XRD analysis. Findings in this study revealed that the ecofriendly  biogenic nanoparticles synthesized by common fungi, such as Aspergillus niger, possess desirable qualities comparable to those from  non-ecofriendly and costly chemical processes, which are currently employed for an array of applications.  

New Insights on Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles Using Plants Emphasizing the Use of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)

Biological synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) using alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and other plants has several advantages such as lower costs, reduction of pollution, and improvement of the environment and human health. Often, biosynthesis is used to synthesize Ag, Au, and ZnO NPs. Less often are also synthesized Cu and Fe NPs. Synthesis with plant extracts from their parts or callus cultures is a widely used method since extracts contain the most significant number of biomolecules. Synthesis with living plants (in vivo) provides NPs with improved properties for better interactions with plants but is used less often due to the long realization time, the need to control the plants’ growing conditions, and difficulty in controlling the size and shape of the synthesized NPs. Here, we performed a systematic review of various methods for the biological synthesis of different metal NPs with different plants, to highlight advantages and disadvantages of mentioned methods. For discussion, results showed that biosynthesis of NPs allows obtaining NPs with reduced toxicity, and their size and shape depend on the type and number of biomolecules present in plants. Plant biomolecules determine the antibacterial and anticancer properties of NPs, as well as increasing the use of NPs in biomedicine, for better drug transport, therefore medicinal plants or sea plants are mostly used for biosynthesis. NPs which were synthesized in marine plants could be a very effective agent against water bacteria; therefore, if NP biosynthesis takes place in water, biological water purification is possible. Limitations of the study included a great methodological diversity of the synthesis, it is still difficult to systematize the synthesis methods, and it seems that each described study uses a different synthesis protocol; therefore, in future studies, it is necessary to clarify which method can provide the most efficient biosynthesis and develop a unified approach.

The Antibacterial Activity of Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles from Tribulus terrestris Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa

The current study’s goal is to employ Tribulus terrestris aqueous floral extracts to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and test their antibacterial efficacy against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) isolated from otitis externa in dogs. Biological nanoparticle synthesis is gaining popularity over chemical and physical processes due to its cost-efficiency and environmental friendliness. Silver nanoparticles were made by mixing Tribulus terrestris plant extract with 1 mM silver nitrate (AgNO3) solution (AgNPs). UV-Visible spectrophotometry revealed the biosynthetic nanoparticles’ maximum absorbance peak at wave lengths (410nm). The SEM was spherical and homogenous in shape, with a size range of 20 to 25 nm. The XRD indicated that the size of AgNPs was 50.21 nm. EDS was utilized to determine the presence of silver element. The AFM revealed the three-dimensional structure of silver nanoparticles with a diameter of 60.17 nm on average. The Zeta potential of the particle size analyzer was 45 mV. It was observed that as the concentration of AgNPs Increased, so did the size of the inhibition zone; (150μg/ml) exhibited a larger inhibition zone (32mm) than when using concentrations of 100μg/ml, 50μg/ml, and 25μg/ml, respectively. In conclusion, biosynthesized AgNPs generated from Tribulus terrestris demonstrate potent antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from otitis externa in dogs.

Evaluation of heavy metal removal and antibiofilm efficiency of biologically synthesized chitosan- silver Nano-bio composite by a soil actinobacterium Glutamicibacter uratoxydans VRAK 24

Biological synthesis of nanoparticles is cost-effective as well as safer than physical and chemical methods. This study focuses on the biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Glutamicibacter uratoxydans which remains still unexplored. The synthesized silver nanoparticles are encapsulated with chitosan to prepare nanobiocomposite. Actinobacteria were isolated from mesophilic soil and screened for heavy metal resistance. The potent heavy metal resistant isolate was identified by 16SrRNA sequencing and used for the biological synthesis of silver particles. The characterization of chitosan- silver nano-bio composite was carried out by UV–Vis spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, and XRD. Morphology was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. The particle size and stability were studied using Dynamic light scattering and Zeta potential analysis. The nano-bio composite was tested for lead removal efficiency and antibiofilm activity. The potent isolate was identified as Glutamicibacter uratoxydans and it was named as Glutamicibacter uratoxydans VRAK 24. The UV spectra showed maximum absorbance at 410 nm. The FTIR spectra and XRD confirmed chitosan encapsulation with silver nanoparticle. The size of nanobiocomposite was found to be 0.376. The stability of nanobiocomposite recorded a zeta potential value of −5.37 mV. The lead removal efficiency was found to be 87.69 %. In addition, the nanobiocomposite exhibited highest anti-biofilm activity against S.aureus when compared to E.coli. The research findings, concluded that the synthesized nanobiocomposite showed better anti-biofilm activity. Also, nanobiocomposite was found to be a good adsorbent for the removal of heavy metal lead.

Using biologically synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles as potential remedy against multiple drug resistant Staphylococcus aureus of bovine mastitis

Presently, there is considerable emphasis on biological synthesis of nanoparticles containing bioactive reducing compounds with an aim to mitigate the harmful effects of pollutants. The approach under study is simple and ideal for the production of durable antimicrobial nanomaterials by novel single-step green synthesis of TiO2 metal oxide nanostructures using ginger and garlic crude aqueous extracts with bactericidal and catalytic activity. A variety of experimental techniques were used to characterize the synthesized nanomaterials. As demonstrated using x-ray diffraction and ultra-violet visible spectroscopy, the produced nanoparticles exhibited high absorption at 318 nm with size varying between 23.38 nm for ginger and 58.64 nm for garlic in biologically-reduced TiO2. At increasing concentrations (500, 1000 µg/50 µl), nanoparticles reduced with garlic exhibited enhanced bactericidal efficacy against multiple drug-resistant S. aureus and effectively decomposed toxic methylene blue (MB) dye. In conclusion, biologically-reduced TiO2 nanoparticles may prove an effective tool in the fight against microbial illnesses and drug resistance.

Bio-reductive synthesis of silver nanoparticles, its antibacterial efficiency, and possible toxicity in common carp fish (Cyprinus carpio).

The biological synthesis of nanoparticles is an emerging field of study that seeks to synthesize nanoparticles using non-chemical mechanisms such as microorganisms, plants, and animal blood serum. Among these, plants have gained particular attention due to their ease of handling, availability, and ability to synthesize a wide range of nanoparticles. Therefore, the current study aimed to fabricate the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Chinese medicinal plants (CMP) for their possible toxicity in common carp fish (Cyprinus carpio). For this purpose, CMP was dried, ground, and used as a bio-reductive agent. The fabricated AgNPs were characterized and a well dispersed AgNPs were obtained. Moreover, the C. carpio was exposed to the AgNPs for bioaccumulation and histological alterations. The obtained findings revealed that the AgNPs were mostly accumulated in the intestines followed by the gills, muscles, liver, and brain. The accumulated AgNPs caused histological alterations in gills and intestines at the highest concentration (0.08 mg/L). However, very less alterations were caused by the lowest concentration, especially in the intestine. In conclusion, further in-depth research is needed to determine the risks associated with the usage of nanoparticles to reveal their harmful impacts on fish and the aquatic environment. HIGHLIGHTS: The biological fabrication of AgNPs is considered eco-friendly. Chinese medicinal plants play a significant role in AgNPs synthesis. AgNPs have excellent antibacterial activity. AgNPs are bioaccumulated in various organs of fish.

Biofabrication of Silver Nanoparticles Using Nostoc muscorum Lukesova 2/91: Optimization, Characterization, and Biological Applications.

The biological synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) has become a new methodology for the eco-friendly production of NPs with high scalability and biocompatibility. Cyanobacteria are one of the most widespread microorganisms on Earth and have been proven to be successful biofactories for synthesizing NPs. It is challenging to discover new microalgae with the potential to synthesize NPs of small size with high stability. Nostoc muscorum Lukesova 2/91 was isolated, purified, and identified morphologically and genetically using microscopy and DNA sequencing. Volatile biomolecules in aqueous algal extracts were assessed using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Data showed that the main biomolecules were fatty acids and their esters, followed by secondary metabolites. Algal extract was used to convert silver nitrate (AgNO3) into silver NPs under various optimized parameters. 1 mM of AgNO3, 1:1 (V/V ratio of algal extract to AgNO3), 25 °C, under light illumination, for 24 h, at pH 7.4 were the optimum conditions for NP production (Nos@AgNPs). Nos@AgNPs were characterized using UV-VIS spectroscopy, FTIR, TEM, SEM, EDx, mapping, and a Zetasizer. The wavelength of Nos@AgNPs was 401.4 nm and their shapes were cubic to oval, with an average diameter of 11.8 ± 0.5 nm. FTIR spectroscopy revealed that proteins/polysaccharides could be the main reductants, whereas these molecules and/or fatty acids could be stabilizers for NP synthesis. Nos@AgNPs (86.15%) was silver and had a hydrodynamic diameter of 10.7 nm with a potential charge of -19.7 mV. Antiproliferative and antimicrobial activities of Nos@AgNPs were evaluated. Nos@AgNPs exhibited significant inhibitory activity against lung, colon, and breast cancer cells and considerable biocidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. N. muscorum Lukesova 2/91 is an excellent source for the biofabrication of small and stable AgNPs with potent inhibitory effects against cancer and bacterial cells.

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Sorghum bicolor var. technicum seed extract, their characterisation and investigation of biological activities

AbstractSynthesis of nanoparticles can be long and costly processes using physical and chemical methods. Biological synthesis of nanoparticles is known to be cheaper and easier than other methods. In this study, silver nanoparticles (AgNP) were obtained by biological synthesis, also known as green synthesis, using Sorghum bicolor var. technicum (Körn) Stapf ex Holland seed extract, popularly known as sorghum. AgNPs were characterised by SEM, EDS, TEM, FT-IR, and UV-Vis Spectroscopy. SEM images confirmed that the shape of AgNPs was spherical. TEM analysis showed that the average sizes of AgNPs ranged from 51 to 56 nm. EDS analysis confirmed the presence of AgNPs by detecting a silver ion peak at 3 KeV. UV-Vis spectroscopy analyses indicated that the brown-burgundy colour of AgNPs exhibited maximum absorbance at 450 nm. The biological activities of the extract and AgNPs were investigated through antimicrobial, antibiofilm, antioxidant, mutagenic, and DNA cleavage activity analyses. The extract exhibited the highest MIC value against Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis (0.62 μg mL−1), whereas AgNPs demonstrated the highest antimicrobial activity specifically against Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli (0.31 μg mL−1). The antibiofilm results revealed that the extract displayed the highest percentage of biofilm inhibition against B. subtilis, while AgNPs exhibited notable efficacy against both Candida albicans yeast and Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacterium. The antioxidant activities were evaluated using DPPH• and ABTS•+ methods, and it was determined that both samples had high antioxidant activity. Mutagenicity of the extract and AgNPs were evaluated by the Ames/Salmonella test using two strains of Salmonella typhimurium (TA98 and TA100). The mutagenic activity of the extract increased depending on the concentration for both strains, while AgNP did not show mutagenicity at any concentration. The agarose gel electrophoresis method showed that the extract and AgNPs cleaved DNA in the presence of an oxidising agent.

Engineered Metal Oxide Nanoparticles as Fungicides for Plant Disease Control.

Metal oxide nanoparticles are considered to be good alternatives as fungicides for plant disease control. To date, numerous metal oxide nanoparticles have been produced and evaluated as promising antifungal agents. Consequently, a detailed and critical review on the use of mono-, bi-, and tri-metal oxide nanoparticles for controlling phytopathogenic fungi is presented. Among the studied metal oxide nanoparticles, mono-metal oxide nanoparticles-particularly ZnO nanoparticles, followed by CuO nanoparticles -are the most investigated for controlling phytopathogenic fungi. Limited studies have investigated the use of bi- and tri-metal oxide nanoparticles for controlling phytopathogenic fungi. Therefore, more studies on these nanoparticles are required. Most of the evaluations have been carried out under in vitro conditions. Thus, it is necessary to develop more detailed studies under in vivo conditions. Interestingly, biological synthesis of nanoparticles has been established as a good alternative to produce metal oxide nanoparticles for controlling phytopathogenic fungi. Although there have been great advances in the use of metal oxide nanoparticles as novel antifungal agents for sustainable agriculture, there are still areas that require further improvement.

Bio-Fabrication of Cu/Ag/Zn Nanoparticles and Their Antioxidant and Dye Degradation Activities

The biological synthesis of nanoparticles with copper, silver, and zinc (Cu, Ag, Zn) is reported in this study, adopting a greener, safe, reliable, and eco-friendly approach by using an aqueous leaf extract of Catharanthus roseus. The synthesised trimetallic nanoparticles were characterised using different characterisation techniques. The UV–visible spectroscopic technique was initially used to assess nanoparticle formation, in which absorption bands were observed at 220, 270, and 370 nm for Cu, Zn, and Ag nanocomposites, respectively. XRD revealed that the average crystalline size of the nanocomposites was 34.67 nm. The roles of reducing and capping/stabilising agents in the synthesis of Cu/Ag/Zn nanoparticles were confirmed by FTIR analysis, and the successful biosynthesis of the same was also confirmed by X-ray energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDX) analysis. Potential applications of these synthesised trimetallic nanoparticles were evaluated by assessing their antioxidant and catalytic dye degradation activities. The antioxidant activity of the synthesised nanomaterial was studied using the DPPH assay. The catalytic breakdown of the harmful dyes phenol red and eosin yellow was examined using NaBH4 as a reducing agent. The results showed that the nanomaterial’s radical scavenging capacity at 1000 ug/mL was 75.76% and the degradation of these dyes was up to 78% in the presence of NaBH4. Furthermore, the biogenic trimetallic nanomaterial exhibited effective catalytic degradation activity against methyl red and phenol red dyes.

Biosynthesis, Characterization and Photocatalytic Activities of Ag-Cu Bimetallic Nanoparticles Derived from mukia maderaspatana Leaf Extract

Abstract: The majority of studies focused on the biological synthesis of nanoparticles, which was one of the unexpansive methods. Utilizing mukia maderaspatana Leaf extract, we have focused on the Cheapest and simplest method for the synthesis of Ag-Cu bimetallic Nanoparticles. The synthesized Ag-Cu BNPs were further confirmed by UV-visible spectroscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Further we also discuss the Photocatalytic absorption of Amido Black dye processed in UV irradiation at various time interval. This Biosynthetic method has been discovered to be economical, environmentally benign and promising for use in a variety of fields.

Bioinspired Trichogenic Silver Nanoparticles and Their Antifungal Activity Against Plant Pathogenic Fungi Sclerotinia sclerotiorum MTCC 8785

There is a pressing need for new nanomaterials for multipurpose functions. The biological synthesis of nanoparticles is environment-friendly, least toxic, and cost-effective. An experiment was designed to use extracellular amylases in the cell-free filtrate (CFF) for the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from the Trichoderma harzianum MTCC 801 strain. Potato dextrose broth (PDB) as general-purpose growth media and amylase production media (APM) as enzyme-specific production media have been used for sub-merged fungal cultivation and nanoparticle synthesis. AgNPs synthesized in the CFF of PDB were compared with AgNPs synthesized from the CFF using APM. The cell-free filtrate obtained upon enzyme stimulation has contributed to the reduction and capping process of nanosilver. The synthesized AgNPs showed a spectral peak at 420 nm, a characteristic feature of AgNPs. The particles were monodispersed, 50 nm in size, and spherical in shape as well as have shown an antifungal effect (100% inhibition) against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum MTCC8785. This is the first report to synthesize trichogenic AgNPs using extracellular amylases against the phytopathogen Sclerotinia strain.

Microwave assisted green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Carica papaya fruit extract: Characterization and detection of Fe3+ and Hg2+ ions

For the past decade, biological synthesis of nanoparticles has been on the rise due to its nontoxic, ecofriendly approach and their potential applications in diverse fields. In the present study, a green route was employed to synthesize AgNPs using the extract of raw papaya as the reducing and capping agent via Microwave assisted method. The synthesized CP-AgNPs are characterized by Ultra Violet-Visible Spectroscopy, FTIR Spectroscopy, XRD, SEM-EDX, TEM, SAED, Zeta Potential (ζ) and XPS. The formation of AgNPs was verified by UV–Visible spectroscopy with an absorption maxima at 410 nm. The FTIR spectra revealed the presence of phytochemicalsresponsible for carrying out the reduction and capping of AgNPs. The morphology, shape andsize were examined by SEM and TEM techniques. The particles were found to be spherical in shape with an average diameter of 8.48 ± 2.48 nm. EDAX spectra confirmed the presence of Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen and Silver. XRD and SAED results confirmed the crystalline nature of the CP-AgNPs and revealed the FCC structure of the nanoparticles. Zeta potential (ζ) was measured at five different pH values to define the stability of the nanoparticles and the results indicated that the bio-synthesized CP-AgNPs are stable over a range of pH values ranging from 2 to 11 with zeta potential values ranging from −12 mV to −52 mV. The near surface composition and chemical state of the nanoparticles was interpreted using XPS. The CP-AgNPs were then used to detect metal ions in aqueous solution. Fe3+ and Hg2+ metal ions were successfully detected. Thus, the result of this study shows that silver nanoparticles synthesized using raw papaya extract are stable and have potential applications as a sensor for Fe3+ and Hg2+ detection.

Biocontrol potential of mycogenic copper oxide nanoparticles against Alternaria brassicae.

The biological synthesis of nanoparticles using fungal cultures is a promising and novel tool in nano-biotechnology. The potential culture of Trichoderma asperellum (T. asperellum) has been used to synthesize copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) in the current study. The necrotrophic infection in Brassica species is caused due to a foliar pathogen Alternaria brassicae (A. brassicae). Mycogenic copper oxide nanoparticles (M-CuO NPs) were characterized by spectroscopic and microscopic techniques such as UV–visible spectrophotometry (UV–vis), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The antifungal potential of CuO NPs was studied against A. brassicae. M-CuO NPs exhibited a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) at 303 nm, and XRD confirmed the crystalline phase of NPs. FTIR spectra confirmed the stretching of amide bonds, and the carbonyl bond indicated the presence of enzymes in T. asperellum filtrate. SEM and TEM confirmed the spherical shape of M-CuO NPs with an average size of 22 nm. Significant antifungal potential of M-CuO NPs was recorded, as it inhibited the growth of A. brassicae up to 92.9% and 80.3% in supplemented media with C-CuO NPs at 200 ppm dose. Mancozeb and propiconazole inhibited the radial growth up to 38.7% and 44.2%. SEM confirmed the morphological changes in hyphae and affected the sporulation pattern. TEM revealed hardly recognizable organelles, abnormal cytoplasmic distribution, and increased vacuolization, and light microscopy confirmed the conidia with reduced diameter and fewer septa after treatment with both types of NPs. Thus, M-CuO NPs served as a promising alternative to fungicides.

Biological Synthesis of Nanoparticles: Iron-based Plant Bionanoparticles and Their Use for Remediation of the Contaminated Environment

It is known that nanoiron has a high reducing activity, due to which it can effectively dechlorinate organic pollutants and reduce toxic metals. Presently, nanoparticles are being synthesized by physical and chemical methods that use toxic substances and require high energy supply. The increasing global demand for sustainable and green technologies drives the development of biological methods that might overcome those limitations. In the case of nanoparticles, phytogenic synthesis using plants or plant tissues can be carried out. The key role is played by bioactive substances present in plants and their interaction with iron precursors (ferric/ferrous salt). The present article provides a current insight into the process of the "green" synthesis of nanoparticles, with the focus on the key parameters that should be taken into account during both the synthesis and environmental application.

ANTI- INFLAMMATORY AND ANTI- BACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF COPPER NANOPARTICLES SYNTHESIZED FROM MYRTUS COMMUNIS LEAVES EXTRACT

A variety of organisms, including plants and bacteria, fungi, seaweeds, and microalgae, are involved in the biological synthesis of nanoparticles. Copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) can be synthesized using plant extracts, which is considered to be one of the safest methods in green chemistry. Copper-NPs were synthesized from the leaves of M. communis, which were extracted with water. The first indication that CuNPs have been synthesized is the change in color of the solution from light yellow to dark brown. Several different techniques were used to characterize CuNPs. The Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) of the nanoparticles in the range of 300 to 700 nm was investigated using ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy (UV-Vis), and the Fourier Transforming Infrared analysis (FT-IR) was used to identify functional groups in biomolecules that act as a reducing and capping agent for NPs. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of CuNPs revealed that they are crystalline. In this study, the size and surface properties of biosynthesized nanoparticles were determined using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Copper-NPs had an average size of 53.55 nm, according to the results. In this study, the antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activity of CuNPs and extract were investigated. The antibacterial activity of CuNPs and M. communis extract was evaluated against Gram-negative bacteria (Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, and Lactobacillus salivarins). Zone inhibition of up to 25 mm was observed in Staphylococcus aureus when the extract concentration was 100000 µg/mL. At various concentrations, the anti-inflammatory activity of both the extract and the CuNPs was assessed in vitro using the assays (albumin denaturation assay, membrane stabilization assay, and proteinase inhibitory activity). According to the findings, CuNPs demonstrated a significant anti-inflammatory activity when compared to a standard drug.

SILVER AND CERIUM NANOPARTICLES SYNTHESIS METHODS

The study of nanoparticles is currently an area of intense scientific interest due to a wide range of application possibilities in medical and biological fields. Therefore, national initiatives in the field of nanotechnology and nanoparticle research receive broad government support in many countries of the world. Nanoparticle synthesis methods are simple and can be carried out without special laboratory equipment. The very fact of the simplicity of the synthesis process from the technical side makes the synthesis and use of nanoparticles in medicine, biotechnology and other fields of human activity extremely attractive. Silver nanoparticles have a pronounced antibacterial effect against a wide range of bacterial pathogens. The antioxidant properties of cerium nanoparticles are described, which provide the prospect of their use in the therapy of tumor and viral diseases. That is why the purpose of the work is to analyze and compare possible methods of synthesis of silver and cerium nanoparticles and to single out the most promising method. The analysis of the known methods of synthesis of silver and cerium nanoparticles, as well as a comparison of their advantages and disadvantages, allowed us to conclude that the biological synthesis of nanoparticles is the most promising, in particular with the use of plant extracts. An important feature of the biological method of synthesis of nanoparticles is the absence of toxic reducing agents and the complex multi-stage process in comparison with the chemical method of synthesis. Moreover, the biological method of synthesis allows obtaining nanoparticles of a certain size and shape in a wide range of values, while the physical method is very limited. Regulation of the size and shape of nanoparticles obtained by biological synthesis is provided by a simple change of the synthesis conditions, namely the pH value, acidity, concentration of the corresponding metal salt, etc. Green synthesis is a safe ecological and cost-effective method of synthesis of silver and cerium nanoparticles.

Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles by Mushrooms: A Crucial Dimension for Sustainable Soil Management

Soil is the main component in the agroecosystem besides water, microbial communities, and cultivated plants. Several problems face soil, including soil pollution, erosion, salinization, and degradation on a global level. Many approaches have been applied to overcome these issues, such as phyto-, bio-, and nanoremediation through different soil management tools. Mushrooms can play a vital role in the soil through bio-nanoremediation, especially under the biological synthesis of nanoparticles, which could be used in the bioremediation process. This review focuses on the green synthesis of nanoparticles using mushrooms and the potential of bio-nanoremediation for polluted soils. The distinguished roles of mushrooms of soil improvement are considered a crucial dimension for sustainable soil management, which may include controlling soil erosion, improving soil aggregates, increasing soil organic matter content, enhancing the bioavailability of soil nutrients, and resorting to damaged and/or polluted soils. The field of bio-nanoremediation using mushrooms still requires further investigation, particularly regarding the sustainable management of soils.